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<title>Multimedia Messaging Service</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Multimedia Messaging Service</span></span>

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<p><b>Multimedia Messaging Service</b> (<b>MMS</b>) is a standard way to send messages that include <a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> content to and from a <a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> over a <a href="Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular network</a>. Users and providers may refer to such a message as a <b>PXT</b>, a <b>picture message</b>, or a <b>multimedia message</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MMS standard extends the core <a href="SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> (Short Message Service) capability, allowing the exchange of text messages greater than 160 characters in length. Unlike text-only SMS, MMS can deliver a variety of media, including up to forty seconds of video, one image, a <a href="Slide_show" title="Slide show">slideshow</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of multiple images, or audio.

</p><p>Media companies have utilized MMS on a commercial basis as a method of delivering news and entertainment content, and retailers have deployed it as a tool for delivering scannable coupon codes, product images, videos, and other information. On (mainly) older devices, messages that start off with text, as SMS, are converted to and sent as an MMS when an <a href="Emoji" title="Emoji">emoji</a> is added.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The commercial introduction of MMS started in March 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although picture messaging had already been established in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built using the technology of SMS<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a captive technology which enabled service providers to "collect a fee every time anyone snaps a photo."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MMS was designed to be able to work on the then-new <a href="GPRS" title="GPRS">GPRS</a> and <a href="3G" title="3G">3G</a> networks<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and could be implemented through either a <a href="Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a>-based or <a href="Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a>-based gateway.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> and WAP Forum groups fostered the development of the MMS standard, which was then continued by the <a href="Open_Mobile_Alliance" title="Open Mobile Alliance">Open Mobile Alliance</a> (OMA).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_description">Technical description</h2></div>

<p>MMS messages are delivered in a different way from SMS. The first step is for the sending device to encode the multimedia content in a fashion similar to sending a <a href="MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> message (MIME content formats are defined in the MMS Message Encapsulation specification). The message is then forwarded to the <a href="Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">carrier's</a> MMS <a href="Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">store and forward</a> server, known as the <b>MMSC</b> (Multimedia Messaging Service Centre). If the receiver is on a carrier different from the sender, then the MMSC acts as a relay, and forwards the message to the MMSC of the recipient's carrier using the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Once the recipient's MMSC has received a message, it first determines whether the receiver's handset is "MMS capable" or not. If it supports the standards for receiving MMS, the content is extracted and sent to a temporary storage server with an <a href="HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> front-end. An SMS "control message" containing the <a href="URL" title="URL">URL</a> of the content is then sent to the recipient's handset to trigger the receiver's <a href="Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a> browser to open and receive the content from the embedded URL. Several other messages are exchanged to indicate the status of the delivery attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before delivering content, some MMSCs also include a conversion service that will attempt to modify the multimedia content into a format suitable for the receiver. This is known as "content adaptation".

</p>

<p>If the receiver's handset is not MMS capable, the message is usually delivered to a web-based service from where the content can be viewed from a normal web browser. The URL for the content is usually sent to the receiver's phone in a normal text message. This behavior is usually known as a "legacy experience" since content can still be received by the user.

</p><p>The method for determining whether a handset is MMS capable is not specified by the standards. A database is usually maintained by the operator, and in it each <a href="MSISDN" title="MSISDN">mobile phone number</a> is marked as being associated with a legacy handset or not. This method is unreliable, however, because customers can independently change their handsets, and many of these databases are not updated dynamically.

</p><p>MMS does not utilize operator-maintained "data" plans to distribute multimedia content; they are used only if the user clicks links inside the message.

</p><p><a href="E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">E-mail</a> and web-based gateways to the MMS system are common. On the reception side, the content servers can typically receive service requests both from WAP and normal HTTP browsers, so delivery via the web is simple. For sending from external sources to handsets, most carriers allow a <a href="MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> encoded message to be sent to the receiver's phone number using a special e-mail address combining the recipient's public phone number and a special domain name, which is typically carrier-specific.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2></div>

<p>There are some challenges with MMS that do not exist with SMS:

</p>

<ul><li><b><a href="Content_adaptation" title="Content adaptation">Content adaptation</a></b>:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multimedia content created by one brand of MMS phone may not be entirely compatible with the capabilities of the recipient's MMS phone. In the MMS architecture, the recipient MMSC is responsible for providing for <i>content adaptation</i> (e.g., image resizing, audio codec transcoding, etc.), if this feature is enabled by the mobile network operator. When content adaptation is supported by a network operator, its MMS subscribers enjoy compatibility with a larger network of MMS users than would otherwise be available.</li>

<li><b>Distribution lists</b>: Current MMS specifications do not include distribution lists nor methods by which large numbers of recipients can be conveniently addressed, particularly by content providers, called <i><a href="Value-added_service" title="Value-added service">Value-added service providers</a></i> (VASPs) in <a href="3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a>. Since most SMSC vendors have adopted <a href="File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a> as an ad-hoc method by which large distribution lists are transferred to the SMSC prior to being used in a bulk-messaging SMS submission, it is expected that MMSC vendors will also adopt FTP.</li>

<li><b><a href="Bulk_messaging" title="Bulk messaging">Bulk messaging</a></b>: The flow of <i>peer-to-peer</i> MMS messaging involves several over-the-air transactions that become inefficient when MMS is used to send messages to large numbers of subscribers, as is typically the case for VASPs. For example, when one MMS message is submitted to a very large number of recipients, it is possible to receive a <i>delivery report</i> and <i>read-reply report</i> for each and every recipient. Future MMS specification work is likely to optimize and reduce the transactional overhead for the bulk-messaging case.</li>

<li><b>Handset configuration</b>: Unlike SMS, MMS requires a number of handset parameters to be set. Poor handset configuration is often blamed as the first point of failure for many users. Service settings are sometimes preconfigured on the handset, but mobile operators are now looking at new device management technologies as a means of delivering the necessary settings for data services (MMS, WAP, etc.) via <a href="Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">over-the-air programming</a> (OTA).</li>

<li><b><a href="WAP_Push" class="mw-redirect" title="WAP Push">WAP Push</a></b>: Few mobile network operators offer direct connectivity to their MMSCs for content providers. This has resulted in many content providers using WAP push as the only method available to deliver 'rich content' to mobile handsets. WAP push enables 'rich content' to be delivered to a handset by specifying the URL (via binary SMS) of a pre-compiled MMS, hosted on a content provider's web server. A consequence is that the receiver who pays WAP per kb or minute (as opposed to a flat monthly fee) pays for receiving the MMS, as opposed to only paying for sending one, and also paying a different rate.</li></ul>

<p>Although the standard does not specify a maximum size for a message, 300 kB and 600 kB are the recommended sizes used by networks<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for compatibility with MMS 1.2 and MMS 1.3 devices respectively. The limit for the first generation of MMS was 50 kB.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interfaces">Interfaces</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="MMS_Architecture" title="MMS Architecture">MMS Architecture</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="MMS_Architecture#MM1" title="MMS Architecture">MM1</a>: the 3GPP interface between MMS User Agent and MMS Center (MMSC, the combination of the MMS Relay & Server)</li>

<li><a href="MMS_Architecture#MM2" title="MMS Architecture">MM2</a>: the 3GPP interface between MMS Relay and MMS Server</li>

<li><a href="MMS_Architecture#MM3" title="MMS Architecture">MM3</a>: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and external servers</li>

<li><a href="MMS_Architecture#MM4" title="MMS Architecture">MM4</a>: the 3GPP interface between different MMSCs</li>

<li><a href="MMS_Architecture#MM5" title="MMS Architecture">MM5</a>: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and <a href="GSM_core_network" class="mw-redirect" title="GSM core network">HLR</a></li>

<li><a href="MMS_Architecture#MM6" title="MMS Architecture">MM6</a>: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and user databases</li>

<li><a href="MMS_Architecture#MM7" title="MMS Architecture">MM7</a>: the 3GPP interface between MMS VAS applications and MMSC</li>

<li><a href="MMS_Architecture#MM8" title="MMS Architecture">MM8</a>: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and the billing systems</li>

<li><a href="MMS_Architecture#MM9" title="MMS Architecture">MM9</a>: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and an <a href="Online_charging_system" title="Online charging system">online charging system</a></li>

<li><a href="MMS_Architecture#MM10" title="MMS Architecture">MM10</a>: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and a message service control function</li>

<li><a href="MMS_Architecture#MM11" title="MMS Architecture">MM11</a>: the 3GPP interface between MMSC and an external transcoder</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage,_decline_and_discontinuation">Usage, decline and discontinuation</h2></div>

<p><a href="Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a> launched its MMS service in July 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2010 and 2013, MMS traffic in the U.S. increased by 70% from 57 billion to 96 billion messages sent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due in part to the wide adoption of <a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>. However take-up of MMS never matched the widespread popularity of SMS text messaging.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Due to lower cost and improved functionality provided by modern internet-based <a href="Instant_messengers" class="mw-redirect" title="Instant messengers">instant messengers</a> such as <a href="WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>, <a href="Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a>, and <a href="Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a>, MMS usage has declined,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has been discontinued by several telcos since the early 2020s. Countries with <a href="Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">operators</a> that have discontinued MMS include: India (BSNL; from 1 November 2015),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philippines (Sun Cellular, Smart Communications, TNT; from 28 September 2018),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore (Singtel, M1, Starhub; from 16 November 2021),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kazakhstan (Kcell; from 6 May 2022),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Switzerland (Swisscom, Salt Mobile; from 10 January 2023),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany (Vodafone; from 17 January 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a> is intended to be the successor technology for MMS and SMS.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Enhanced_Messaging_Service" title="Enhanced Messaging Service">Enhanced Messaging Service</a> (EMS)</li>

<li><a href="Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">Rich Communication Services</a> (RCS)</li>

<li><a href="OTA_bitmap" title="OTA bitmap">OTA bitmap</a>, a Nokia specification for picture messaging</li>

<li><a href="Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobile marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Short_code" title="Short code">Short code</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbuni.org/userguide.shtml#Section_.1.1.1">"Overview of MMS"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827125122/http://www.mbuni.org/userguide.shtml#Section_.1.1.1">Archived</a> 2009-08-27 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, mbuni</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nowsms.com/documentation/ProductDocumentation/mms_notifications_and_content/Sending.htm">"Sending MMS Notifications and Content"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090925124936/http://www.nowsms.com/documentation/ProductDocumentation/mms_notifications_and_content/Sending.htm">Archived</a> 2009-09-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, now.sms</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsmarena.com/glossary.php3?term=mms">"MMS definition"</a>, <i>GSM Arena</i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verizon.com/about/news/vzw/2003/07/pr2003-07-03">"Verizon Wireless launches easy-to-use picture messaging service"</a>. <i>www.verizon.com</i>. 2003-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctia.org/resource-library/press-releases/archive/ctia-annual-survey-2013">"CTIA's Annual Survey Says US Wireless Providers Handled 3.2 Trillion Megabytes of Data Traffic in 2013 for a 120 Percent Increase Over 2012"</a>. <i>www.ctia.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723023447/http://www.ctia.org/resource-library/press-releases/archive/ctia-annual-survey-2013">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChirgwin2018" class="citation web cs1">Chirgwin, Richard (7 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2018/05/07/what_is_rich_communication_services/">"Heir to SMS finally excites carriers, by making Google grovel"</a>. <i>The Register</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108171430/https://www.theregister.com/2016/05/20/three_uk_mms_tarriffs/">"Three UK: Our MMS prices are up. Get around us with WhatsApp or Skype • The Register"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2016/05/20/three_uk_mms_tarriffs/">the original</a> on 2020-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bsnl-to-shutdown-mms-from-november-1/articleshow/49596485.cms">"BSNL to shutdown MMS from November 1 - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 30 October 2015.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yugatech.com/news/smart-sun-to-discontinue-mms/">"Smart, Sun to discontinue MMS by September » YugaTech - Philippines Tech News & Reviews"</a>. 23 August 2018.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/tech/tech-news/farewell-mms-messaging-service-set-to-end-after-mid-november">"Farewell, MMS: Messaging service set to end after mid-November - The Straits Times"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. 6 September 2021.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telecompaper.com/news/kcell-stops-mms-service--1423279">"Kcell stops MMS service - Telecompaper"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.swisscom.ch/t5/Mobile/Goodbye-MMS-Swisscom-to-phase-out-MMS-service-on-10-January-2023/td-p/698303">"Goodbye MMS: Swisscom to phase out MMS service ... - Swisscom Community"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salt.ch/en/help/mobile/MMS">"Salt. - MMS Discontinuation"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/DEUTSCHE-TELEKOM-AG-444661/news/Vodafone-switches-off-the-MMS-42661616/">"Vodafone switches off the MMS - January 04, 2023 - MarketScreener"</a>. 5 January 2023.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:MMS" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:MMS">MMS</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openmobilealliance.org/Technical/release_program/mms_v1_3.aspx">"Multimedia Messaging Service 1.3"</a>. Open Mobile Alliance<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 Jan</span> 2009</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217045056/http://mmaglobal.com/bestpractices.pdf">"Consumer Best Practices Guide for Cross-Carrier Mobile Content Programs (United States)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mobile Marketing Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmaglobal.com/bestpractices.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 Jan</span> 2009</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEicher,_Richard2009" class="citation web cs1">Eicher, Richard (13 Jan 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobilemarketer.com/cms/opinion/columns/2440.html">"Advances in MMS offer interactive tools to mobile marketers"</a>. Mobile Marketer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 Jan</span> 2009</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMorrison,_Diane_See2008" class="citation web cs1">Morrison, Diane See (17 Sep 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921003700/http://www.moconews.net/entry/419-bmw-mms-campaign-gets-30-percent-conversion-rate/">"BMW MMS Campaign Gets 30 Percent Conversion Rate"</a>. mocoNews.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moconews.net/entry/419-bmw-mms-campaign-gets-30-percent-conversion-rate/">the original</a> on 21 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 Jan</span> 2009</span>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Mobile_phones689" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile<br>networks</a>,<br>protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a>

<li><a href="Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li>

<li><a href="XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b>Analogue</b>:</li>

<li><b>Digital</b>:</li>

<ul><li><a href="3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br>operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a>

<ul><li><a href="Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a>

<ul><li><a href="Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile<br>devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b>Manufacturers</b></li>

<li><a href="List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li>

<li><a href="Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">rooting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li>

<li><a href="IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>

<ul><li><a href="IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile<br>specific<br><a href="Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Development</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a>

<ul><li><a href="Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li>

<li><a href="Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li>

<li><a href="M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li>

<li>Search

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_local_search" title="Mobile local search">local</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Social</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_social_address_book" title="Mobile social address book">address book</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Television</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Box_breaker" title="Box breaker">Box breaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone_charm" title="Mobile phone charm">Charms</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Comics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Dating</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Novels</a></li>

<li><a href="Ringtone" title="Ringtone">Ringtones</a>

<ul><li><a href="Silent_mode" title="Silent mode">silent mode</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li>

<li><a href="Wallpaper_(computing)" title="Wallpaper (computing)">Wallpaper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment<br>and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">BlackBerry thumb</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Driving safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">External power supply</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Mental health from overuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Phantom_vibration_syndrome" title="Phantom vibration syndrome">Phantom vibration syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Radiation and health</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Law" title="Law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carrier_IQ" title="Carrier IQ">Carrier IQ</a></li>

<li><a href="Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones in prison</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li>

<li><a href="Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">USA use restrictions while driving</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ATelecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ATelephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Standards_of_Open_Mobile_Alliance46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Standards_of_Open_Mobile_Alliance46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Standards of <a href="Open_Mobile_Alliance" title="Open Mobile Alliance">Open Mobile Alliance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="OMA_BCAST" class="mw-redirect" title="OMA BCAST">OMA BCAST</a></li>

<li><a href="OMA_Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Service" title="OMA Instant Messaging and Presence Service">OMA IMPS</a> / <a href="Wireless_Village" title="Wireless Village">Wireless Village</a></li>

<li><a href="OMA_Presence_SIMPLE" class="mw-redirect" title="OMA Presence SIMPLE">OMA Presence SIMPLE</a></li>

<li><a href="WBXML" title="WBXML">WBXML</a></li>

<li><a href="WMLScript" title="WMLScript">WMLScript</a></li>

<li><a href="XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML Mobile Profile</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_Component_Management_Object" title="Software Component Management Object">SCOMO</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li>

<li><a href="Edholm's_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li>

<li><a href="Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a>

<ul><li><a href="Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li>

<li><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li>

<li><a href="Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li>

<li><a href="History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li>

<li><a href="Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li>

<li><a href="Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li>

<li><a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Houser_Brattain" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li>

<li><a href="Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li>

<li><a href="Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li>

<li><a href="Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li>

<li><a href="Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li>

<li><a href="Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li>

<li><a href="Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li>

<li><a href="Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li>

<li><a href="Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li>

<li><a href="Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li>

<li><a href="Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li>

<li><a href="Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li>

<li><a href="Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li>

<li><a href="Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li>

<li><a href="Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li>

<li><a href="Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br>media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a>

<ul><li><a href="Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br>and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a>

<ul><li><a href="Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li>

<li><a href="Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li>

<li><a href="Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li>

<li><a href="BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li>

<li><a href="CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li>

<li><a href="FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li>

<li><a href="JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li>

<li><a href="NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li>

<li><a href="TANet" title="TANet">TANet</a></li>

<li><a href="Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li>

<li><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Africa</li>

<li>Americas

<ul><li>North</li>

<li>South</li></ul></li>

<li>Antarctica</li>

<li>Europe</li>

<li>Oceania</li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Multimedia_Messaging_Service&oldid=1301140547">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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